Learn the French Word Une Nana

T he French word  une nana,   pronounced nah-nah, is an informal French noun that means a woman, chick, or girlfriend. Examples Tas vu cette nana ?Did you see that chick?Je suis allà © à   Nice avec ma nana.I went to Nice with my girlfriend.

Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives For Small...

Introduction It is generally difficult to determine whether corporate social responsibility initiatives are easier to implement in small firms as opposed to large firms. Corporate CSR perspective is the ethical responsibility to society and social bodies as the firm adopts due to business financial, societal, governmental, and, moral image outcomes in society. In addition, the firm adopts ethical responsibility to external entities, which society focuses on and as a result magnifies and sensitises business stance and associations with external social bodies. In fact, CSR is the result of a discussion amongst the firm and its stakeholders about responsibilities and expectations. Corporate Social Responsibility: One Size Does Not Fit All. Collecting Evidence from Europe. The EU defines small firms as, those that employ 50 staff or less and have a turnover that is e10 million or under as seen in European Commission, 2003b. Small firms and large firms are different, particularly in such areas as fina ncial revenue, resources, market share, numbers of staff and ownership title as it explains in Curran and Blackburn, 2001. Investigating the Impact of Business Size on Small Business Social Responsibility: A Critical Review. Firm size triggers a particular implementation pattern of CSR, i.e. SMEs are strong in implementing organisational CSR associated processes in fundamental business procedures, where MNCs efficiently connect their obligations to CSR, yet generally lack complexShow MoreRelatedCorporate Social Responsibility Initiatives For Small Firms Essay2190 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction It is generally difficult to determine whether corporate social responsibility initiatives are easier to implement in small firms as opposed to large firms. 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As stated by European Commission (2001), CSR is defi ned as â€Å"a concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis.† It is believed that the motives for CSR are gradually converting from philanthropic rationale to performance-driven orientation, but the questionRead MoreThe Impact Of Increasing Usage Of Automobiles On The Environment Essay1720 Words   |  7 Pages1. Introduction 1.1 Background Singapore, a small city state experiencing rapid industrial growth, found itself faced with the new problem of urban traffic congestion since the seventies. (Zolla, K.) 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Network Flows Case Study Free Essays

As seen in the picture below: Would this work for this application? This would work. The A/C technician is required to know some type of algebra and know how to use it. Knowing this will allow him/her to graph an air flow chart. We will write a custom essay sample on Network Flows Case Study or any similar topic only for you Order Now This would use an isomorphic simple graph so the same number of edges to correspond with the number vertices. This would show that the proper air flow is given from one point to the other point as quickly as possible, this allows for the air to maintain the temperature that you are looking for. Being able to maintain the same temperature would mean less time your unit will run and this saves you money on your bills. This would be a real world application; because the A/C technician has to use math on a daily basis. Example 2: In this example we will try to Stop any traffic on the water way to and from town. This can be done by placing barriers in the water way. But seeing that the river get wider as it gets further away from town, the barriers need to be placed just right to block the water way traffic. As seen in the diagram below: When placing the barriers, the first thing you want to do is figure out which points to place the barriers. This will allow the use of fewer barriers in this application. Would first start with points G, J, H, and L. This point have a shortest distance between them and would be easier to block. Then if you wanted to add more protection to the town you could place more barriers at points D, E, and F. Now in a real life application this could be used in something as the military blocking or slowing down the traffic going on and if the base. Example 3: Employers and Employees Employers Department 1 Department 2 3 4 Max # area Wanted Yes No NO # Area Needed In this example the table shows where an employer was asked to hire more employees in order to cover 100 departments with 30 different areas. Each new employee would work in areas 1, 2, and 3. The area assigned to the employee would be determined by the employer him/herself. The table above givens an example of how it will go. Then the overall question would be how the assigned areas would be split up. When it comes to converting the table above into a graph to the answer, I am at a little bit off loss. The employee numbers 1, 2, and 3 would then be converted into vertices ODL , DO, and DO and the different areas into AY , AZ and AY which is shown in the diagram below: In the diagram you have to replace the G’s with Do’s and the CSS with the Ass. Believe the assigned areas would be given to the employees by the employer. An employer would be assign to an employee by random. The employee would follow the employer’s number through the graph. This would tart in area 1 and continue on through 3. If you have 100 employers and 30 employees they would be assigned in areas as 34, 33, and 33 this would allow all areas to be covered and the jobs completed in a timely manner. In this paper I have provided examples of networking flow charts to the best of my knowledge. This type of flow chart shows the way things can flow and the way you can block the flow of information or even water or air. You can apply this to many of different area’s in life. If you can imagine it, I am sure it will work for you. How to cite Network Flows Case Study, Free Case study samples

Accounting for Management Common Stockholders

Question: Choose a company from UK listed under the London stock exchange market and conduct a five year fiancial statement of this company dated 5yrs ago. Your analysis should include: A brief summary of the company. Calculations of various ratios which will be used to analyse the companys performance over the years, choosing at least two from profitability. liquidity, and working capital and solvency ratio. Provide an analysis on each ratio calculated. Answer: Introduction- TESCO was founded in the year 1919 by John Edward Cohen. The name TESCO comes from the initials of Cohen's tea supplier T.E. Stockwell combined with the first two letters of Cohen. Cohen is considered to be the biggest retail revolutionary responsible for several small revolutions which have led to the current retail industry. TESCO is one of the largest retailers in the world operating in approx 2491 stores and employing over 350,000 people worldwide with profits exceeding 3billion. The UK is the company's largest market while it has recently expanded their operations in Central Europe, Thailand and recently in the US under the name of "Fresh Easy". In the United Kingdom, TESCO operates under four banners of Extra, Superstore, Metro, Express, One Stop and Homeplus. TESCO PLC (Amounts in m ) Particulars 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 Indicates Profitability ratios: Net profit margin: 1.53% 0.04% 4.36% 4.42% 4.10% Bad since decreased Net profit 970.00 24.00 2,814.00 2,671.00 2,336.00 Sales revenue 63,557.00 63,406.00 64,539.00 60,455.00 56,910.00 Return on equity: 240.10% 5.96% 700.00% 666.92% 588.41% Bad since decreased Net income 970.00 24.00 2,814.00 2,671.00 2,336.00 average equity 404.00 402.50 402.00 400.50 397.00 Return on assets: 2.71% 0.06% 7.70% 7.69% 7.04% Bad since decreased Net income 970.00 24.00 2,814.00 2,671.00 2,336.00 Average total assets 35,812.50 37,475.50 36,542.50 34,712.50 33,171.50 Effeciency ratios: Inventory turnover ratio: 25.26 19.35 17.54 18.78 19.38 Good Since Increased Cost of goods sold 59,547.00 59,252.00 59,278.00 55,330.00 52,303.00 Average inventory 2,357.50 3,061.50 3,380.00 2,945.50 2,699.00 Receivables turnover ratio: 0.44 0.01 1.13 1.27 1.26 Bad since decreased Net revenue 970.00 24.00 2,814.00 2,671.00 2,336.00 Average receivables 2,190.00 2,591.00 2,493.50 2,109.00 1,854.00 Asset turnover ratio: 2.71% 0.06% 7.70% 7.69% 7.04% Bad since decreased Net revenue 970.00 24.00 2,814.00 2,671.00 2,336.00 Average total assets 35,812.50 37,475.50 36,542.50 34,712.50 33,171.50 Liquidity ratios: Current ratio: 0.65 0.67 0.64 0.65 0.71 Bad since decreased Current assets 13,085.00 12,465.00 12,353.00 11,608.00 11,392.00 Current liabilities 20,206.00 18,703.00 19,180.00 17,731.00 16,015.00 Quick ratio: 0.54 0.53 0.46 0.48 0.54 Bad since decreased Current assets-inventory 10,895.00 9,940.00 8,755.00 8,446.00 8,663.00 Current liabilities 20,206.00 18,703.00 19,180.00 17,731.00 16,015.00 Working Capital (7,121.00) (6,238.00) (6,827.00) (6,123.00) (4,623.00) Negative amount increased- Bad Current assets 13,085.00 12,465.00 12,353.00 11,608.00 11,392.00 Current liabilities 20,206.00 18,703.00 19,180.00 17,731.00 16,015.00 (Annual Report , TESCO) The ratios talk about the valuation of the company in the eyes of the market. The investor shall only look at the market reputation of the company before it is thinking of making an investment in it. In case the reputation is bad, then the investor shall not make an investment in the same since that would not give him any return on it. By above, it can be stated that the ratios must be analyzed for the company to arrive at any decision. The profitability ratios talk about the performance of the company in the eyes of the market. The investor shall only look at the performance of the company before it is thinking of making an investment in it (Accounting tools, 2015). In case the reputation is bad, then the investor shall not make an investment in the same since that would not give him any return on it (Accountingtools.com,2015) Net Profit Margin- It refers to the ratio of profit to the revenues of a company which is typically express as the percentage. This scenario represents an amount of profit that business is extracting from the sale (Accountingtools.com,2015). It is generally intended to be a measure of overall business. High - profit margin shows good performance indicating that company is correctly pricing its product and cost control system is also very efficient. Thus considered very useful for comparing the same in the same industry. In the given case, the Net profit margin of TESCO is decreasing which shows bad performance (Annual report). Return On Equity The calculation of this ratio indicates the ability of an entity to generate profit from the shareholders investment. It is also an indicator of the effectiveness of the use of equity funding for the growth of the company. High return on equity indicates that fund of investors has been used by the company effectively. Higher ratio is considered better than lower ratio which is used to compare the company in the same industry. Investors attract to the company having high return on equity ratio. In the states case, return on equity TESCO is decreasing which shows bad performance over the period of 5 years (Accountingtools.com,2015). Return on Assets- It refers to the ratio arising from the net income to the average assets of the company. It indicates the ability of the company for using its assets on the generation of income for the year. It clearly measures the number of cents earned for each dollar. Thus, consequently higher ratio indicates higher profitability i.e., good performance .This ratio is used to compare the companies in the same industry, this is because most of the company are assets sensitive. For example, they require high plant machinery to generate income in comparison to others. Their ROA is consequently lower than the other companies which are low assets sensitive. In the stated case, this ratio of TESCO is decreasing which shows bad performance over the period of 5 years. Efficiency Ratio - Calculation of efficiency Ratio helps to compare the companies in the same industry that how efficiently they are employing their assets and how they managing the debt lets check the efficiency ratio for both Vodafone and BT PLC Inventory Turnover Ratio- Calculation of this ratio helps to measure the management of companys inventory level. If the same is high, it shows that company is managing its inventory efficiently and lower ration is an indicator of poor management of inventory, or that company is having some issues for pushing the inventory for the sale purpose. In the stated case, this ratio of TESCO is increasing which shows good performance over the period of 5 years(Accountingtools.com,2015). Receivable Turnover Ratio= Calculation of this ratio helps to determine the efficiency of the companys credit Policies which companies made while selling their product or services. If the receivable turnover is low, then it indicates that either it is becoming hard for the company to collect the debt from the creditor or they are providing credit very easily which shows bad performance on the part of the company. Taking into account all the factors, it is recommended that company should have the high receivable turnover. . In the stated case, this ratio of TESCO is decreasing which shows bad performance over the period of 5 years Assets Turnover Ratio- This ratio measures how efficiently the company is measuring / using its short term as well as long term assets. One can say how effectively the assets are using in generating the sale for the company. High Assets turnover is an indicator good performance. . In the stated case, this ratio of TESCO is decreasing which shows bad performance over the period of 5 years. Liquidity Ratio This ratio shows the companys ability to pay off its current liabilities with the use of current assets. The financial strength ratios i.e. liquidity ratio talk about the ability of the company to pay off its dues. Higher the same denoted the higher the ability of the company to maintain margin of safety. The investor shall only look at the performance of the company before it is thinking of making an investment in it (Accountingtools.com,2015). In case the reputation is bad, then the investor shall not make an investment in the same since that would not give him any return on it. By above, in the stated case, this ratio of TESCO is decreasing which shows bad performance over the period of 5 years Current Ratio- This ratio provides an idea regarding the company ability to pay its current debt with its current assets only. It is considered as an important debt for the company since as we all are aware that current liabilities will be due within a year. High- current ratio shows a positive performance of the company that it can pay off their current liabilities within a year without having set off of any amount other than current assets. In the stated case, it is decreasing hence not good performance even though shows stability. Quick Ratio- It measures the ability of the company to meet the requirement of the short-term obligation with the use of liquid assets (Accountingtools.com,2015). Hence, there is a requirement to deduct inventory while calculating the Quick ratio. It considered as a sign of companys financial strength or weakness. It provides information about the companys short - term obligations. It indicates by using the short- term assets/ Liquid Assets, how much of the companys short term debt can be met In the stated case, this ratio of TESCO is decreasing which shows bad performance over the period of 5 years Working Capital In refers to the deduction of current assets from Current Liability to determine whether the company can pay its debt with the use of Current Assets. It considered as a sign of companys financial strength or weakness. It provides information about the companys short term obligations. It indicates by using the short- term assets/ liquid Assets, how much of the companys short- term debt can be met. In the stated case of Tesco, it I negative amount which is also in increasing order, clearly depicts that company is not able to pay its debt within a year. Conclusion Recommendation By calculation of ratios as well as analysis the annual reports of the company, it has been clear that company is not showing good performance over a period of time. Proper steps must be taken to reduce the expense or to increase the revenue of the company. Also, there is a requirement to keep control over current Assets, liabilities so as to maintain the required ratio. References: Accountingformanagement.org, (2015). Return on common stockholders' equity - formula, example | Accounting for Management. [Online] Available at: https://www.accountingformanagement.org/return-on-common-stockholders-equity-ratio/ [Accessed 23 Mar 2016]. Accountingtools.com, (2015). Accounts Receivable Turnover - Accounting Tools. [Online] Available at: https://www.accountingtools.com/accounts-receivable-turnover [Accessed 23 Mar 2016]. Accountingtools.com, (2015). Accounts Receivable Turnover - Accounting Tools. [Online] Available at: https://www.accountingtools.com/accounts-receivable-turnover [Accessed 23 Mar 2016]. My Accounting Course, (2015). Asset Turnover Ratio | Analysis | Formula | Example. [Online] Available at: https://www.myaccountingcourse.com/financial-ratios/asset-turnover-ratio [Accessed 23 Mar 2016]. My Accounting Course, (2015). Days Sales in Inventory Ratio | Analysis | Formula | Example. [Online] Available at: https://www.myaccountingcourse.com/financial-ratios/days-sales-in-inventory [Accessed 23 Mar 2016]. "Financial Analysis And Accounting Book Of Reference: Statement Of Financial Position | IFRS Statements | IFRS Reports | Readyratios.Com".Readyratios.com. N.p., 2016. Web. 24 Mar. 2016. "Return On Assets (ROA) Ratio Formula | Example | Analysis".Accountingexplained.com. N.p., 2016. Web. 24 Mar. 2016. "Return On Equity Ratio | Analysis | Formula | Example".My Accounting Course. N.p., 2016. Web. 24 Mar. 2016. "What Is Net ProfitMargin? - Questions Answers - Accountingtools".Accountingtools.com. N.p., 2016. Web. 24 Mar. 2016. Staff, Investopedia. "Financial Analysis: Solvency Vs. Liquidity Ratios | Investopedia".Investopedia. N.p., 2013. Web. 24 Mar. 2016. Wang, B. et al. "Annual Report 2015".www.tesco.com5 (2015): 13851. Web. Annual Report 2014".www.tesco.com55 (2014): 143. Web. 28 Mar. 2016. Annual Report 2012".www.tesco.com55 (2014): 143. Web. 28 Mar. 2016. "Annual Report 2011".www.tesco.com55 (2014): 143. Web. 28 Mar. 2016. "Curious Flower Amalgamation".Sci Am5.1 (1849): 2-2. Web. 28 Mar. 2016.

How Humans Contribute to Global Warming Essay Example

How Humans Contribute to Global Warming Paper Lately, the earth has been showing many signs of climate change. It is not cooling down at all causing the presence of global warming. Global warming can be defined as an increase in the earths atmospheric and oceanic temperatures widely predicted to occur due to an increase in the greenhouse effect resulting especially from pollution (Merriam-Webster, 2012). This paper will explain why human activity is a substantial cause of global warming and discuss what can be done by the human race to stop global warming. According to National Geographic, Levels of greenhouse gases (Gigs) have gone up and down over the Earths history, but they have men fairly constant for the past few thousand years (National Geographic, 2012). Over the past few years there has been some record high and low temperatures. Through the burning of fossil fuels and other GOGH emissions, humans are enhancing the greenhouse effect and warming Earth (National Geographic, 2012). Radiation from the sun is trapped instead of being released back into the atmosphere when greenhouse gases are present. This causes the temperatures to rise while creating negative effect for our environment (Turk Bunsen, 201 1, Section 7. 1 Greenhouse effect can e defined as the global warming of our atmosphere caused by the presence of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, which trap the suns radiation (Turk Bunsen, 2011, Section 7. 1). Nitrous oxide, methane, and carbon dioxide are all greenhouse gases. Nitrous oxide can be produced naturally and by human activity. We will write a custom essay sample on How Humans Contribute to Global Warming specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How Humans Contribute to Global Warming specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How Humans Contribute to Global Warming specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Primary human-related sources of NON are agricultural soil management, animal manure management, sewage treatment, mobile and stationary combustion of fossil fuel, dipodic acid production, and nitric acid production (EPA. Gob). Methane is produced by cetera in the stomachs of ruminants such as sheep, cattle, and goats and is farted and belched out by the animals (Global Action Network, 2005). Methane can be minimized by changing the diets in farm animals. Feeding them grass only is a good way to do this. According to Eagerest, man-made CA emissions account for about 77% of man-made greenhouse gas emissions and roughly 3% of the earths greenhouse effect (Eagerest, 2011). There are many factories and power plants that burn oil, coal, and natural gases when making their products. These gases are released into the atmosphere, polluting the air we breathe, contributing to global warming. There are many disadvantages when it comes to global warming. Imagine if all the ice peaks melted. The sea levels would be overflows causing floods to occur which may force people to relocate. Global warming contributes to our weather patterns causing tornados, hurricanes, or strong thunder storms. During many of these storms, heavy rainfall is present causing floods in our communities. Most of the time when floods are present, a boil water advisory is put into place. This is done to reduce illnesses caused by water contamination. Global warming contributes to forest fires. The warm air dries UT the forest making it easier for fires to start. These forest fires eventually destroy many of our natural resources. Forest destruction is also caused by humans. Humans use the space to build businesses, homes, and highways. As a result, the homes of many species are invaded. My subdivision Was all woods at one point or another. Quite often, I see deer, rabbits, and wild turkeys in my backyard. The high temperatures from global warming destroy farmers crops. These temperatures affect the crops growth and may even burn them. As a result, there are food shortages which could possibly dead to starvation in humans. In addition many scientists argue that global warming is causing extreme weather events that often lead to crop failures (Rosenthal, 201 1). The warmer temperatures cause lakes to dry reducing our water supply as well as the quality of our water. Global warming contributes to air pollution. Polluted air can cause humans to suffer from respiratory problems, such as asthma or allergies, lung disease, and eye irritation, The World Health Organization estimates that the warming and precipitation trends due to anthropogenic climate change of the past 30 years already lain over 1 50,000 lives annually (Path, Campbell, Holloway ; Foley, 2005). Climate changes threaten the health of humans in many ways. High temperatures can cause humans to have heat strokes. It also increases chances for diseases such as the West Nile Virus. Mosquitoes carrying this disease is more active in warmer temperatures. In 201 0, the American Lung Association estimated that about 23 million Americans suffered from asthma (Knowles, 201 1). Human activity is not the only factor contributing to global warming. There IS a natural process that contributes to global warming as well. Plants, both on land and in the oceans, continually absorb and release large amounts of carbon dioxide (Eagerest, 2011). Plants absorb carbon dioxide when they grow and release carbon dioxide as they decay (Eagerest, 2011). Forest fires, volcanoes, droughts and Other natural phenomena can affect the natural rate of carbon dioxide uptake and release (Eagerest. 2011 There are many advantages when it comes to global warming. However, they will never outweigh the disadvantages. There will be less need for energy consumptions to warm cold places when it comes to global warming. Without the greenhouse effect, scientists estimate that the average enrapture on Earth would be colder by approximately 30 degrees Celsius (54 degrees Fahrenheit), far too cold to sustain our current ecosystem (Spencer, 2012). This means that there will be fewer chances for humans to become infected with bacteria causing diseases. The human race can take actions to stop global warming. In order to do this, humans must decrease the amount of fossil fuels and start using energy more wisely. Humans can begin by doing their part to reduce waste by reusing reusable products such as cloth diapers instead of the disposable ones, recycling paper, plastic, glass, and aluminum cans. Humans can use less energy daily to help control global warming by reducing the amount of energy to cool or heat your home. Humans can also use less energy by replacing regular light bulbs with fluorescent light bulbs and using more energy efficient products. Turning off lights and electronics when they are not in use will help reduce energy. Washing clothes Or dishes with cold Water instead of hot water will help reduce energy. Carpooling or taking public transportation can help eliminate polluting the air with greenhouse gases. While greenhouse gases are necessary to warm Earth, human activity expedites this warming and is a absentia cause of global warming. Carbon dioxide and other global warming pollutants are collecting in the atmosphere like a thickening blanket, trapping the suns heat and causing the planet to warm up (Knowles, 2011). Global warming causes many changes in our atmosphere. It is not good for our environment at all. It contributes to the health and well-being of humans, animals life, and natural resources destroyed. The floods, rise in sea levels, hotter than normal summers, and early winters that we have had lately are implications of global warming. Although local temperatures fluctuate durably, over the past 50 years the average global temperature has increased at the fastest rate in recorded history (Spencer, 2012). Scientists say that unless we curb the emissions that cause climate change, average U. S. Temperatures could be 3 to 9 degrees higher by the end of the century (Spencer, 2012). As humans, we must take advantage of recycling paper, glass, plastic, and cans. Using these recycled products will help to eliminate many greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming. Humans must do a better job at preserving our natural resources.

Free Essays on Bauhaus Essay

The Bauhaus was founded in 1919 by an architect named Walter Gropius. Gropius came from the Werkbund movement, which sought to integrate art and economics, and to add an element of engineering to art. The Werkbund movement was unable to achieve this integration, but the founding of the Bauhaus saw the solution that had previously been overlooked. The Bauhaus was founded by the combining of the Weimar Art Academy, and the Weimar Arts and Crafts School. Students at this new school were trained by both an artist and a master craftsman, realizing the desires of Gropius to make "modern artists familiar with science and economics, [that] began to unite creative imagination with a practical knowledge of craftsmanship, and thus to develop a new sense of functional design." The school had three aims at its inception that stayed basically the same throughout the life of the Bauhaus even though the direction of the school changed significantly and repeatedly. The first aim of the school was to "rescue all of the arts from the isolation in which each then found itself," to encourage the individual artisans and craftsmen to work cooperatively and combine all of their skills. Secondly, the school set out to elevate the status of crafts, chairs, lamps, teapots, etc., to the same level enjoyed by fine arts, painting, sculpting, etc. The third aim was to maintain contact with the leaders of industry and craft in an attempt to eventually gain independence from government support by selling designs to industry. With these at its basis the Bauhaus began and influenced our lives immensely in ways that most people probably take for granted. Since the school tried to combine art with engineering and craftsmanship, innovation ran rampant through the Bauhaus resulting in a multitude of advances affecting the most basic aspects of life. "Everyone sitting on a chair with a tubular steel frame, using an adjustable reading lamp, or living in a house partly o... Free Essays on Bauhaus Essay Free Essays on Bauhaus Essay The Bauhaus was founded in 1919 by an architect named Walter Gropius. Gropius came from the Werkbund movement, which sought to integrate art and economics, and to add an element of engineering to art. The Werkbund movement was unable to achieve this integration, but the founding of the Bauhaus saw the solution that had previously been overlooked. The Bauhaus was founded by the combining of the Weimar Art Academy, and the Weimar Arts and Crafts School. Students at this new school were trained by both an artist and a master craftsman, realizing the desires of Gropius to make "modern artists familiar with science and economics, [that] began to unite creative imagination with a practical knowledge of craftsmanship, and thus to develop a new sense of functional design." The school had three aims at its inception that stayed basically the same throughout the life of the Bauhaus even though the direction of the school changed significantly and repeatedly. The first aim of the school was to "rescue all of the arts from the isolation in which each then found itself," to encourage the individual artisans and craftsmen to work cooperatively and combine all of their skills. Secondly, the school set out to elevate the status of crafts, chairs, lamps, teapots, etc., to the same level enjoyed by fine arts, painting, sculpting, etc. The third aim was to maintain contact with the leaders of industry and craft in an attempt to eventually gain independence from government support by selling designs to industry. With these at its basis the Bauhaus began and influenced our lives immensely in ways that most people probably take for granted. Since the school tried to combine art with engineering and craftsmanship, innovation ran rampant through the Bauhaus resulting in a multitude of advances affecting the most basic aspects of life. "Everyone sitting on a chair with a tubular steel frame, using an adjustable reading lamp, or living in a house partly o...

Motivation, Rewards Systems and Employeee Performance Term Paper

Motivation, Rewards Systems and Employeee Performance - Term Paper Example There is a strong relationship that exists between motivation, performance and reward systems in any social set up and the business organizations in specific. The reward system influences the behavior of the workers through motivation which in turn influences their effort and personal drive towards performing their duty with the goal of boosting the organizational output (Klarsfeld 170). With the current globalization pressure, the social, economic and political structure of the society has been redefined and the reward systems that were used long time ago are facing irrelevance hence need of reforms. Whereas most firms attached a lot of importance on quantifiable rewards with negligible concern on qualitative aspects, the current situation champions for quality as the greatest motivational aspect of individual performance. Taking the case of IKEA Company which is the leading furniture retail chain in the world that designs and sells ready-to-assemble furniture, appliances, and home accessories the concept of reward can be explored in depths. From the data available on the global corporate performance records, the company was the world's largest furniture retailer as of January 2008. This is one of the firms that have reaped from sound human resource management and sets the pace for its competitors as far as employee reward is concerned. IKEA is one of the multinationals that give much attention to the individual input of each employee by offering incentives that motivate the overall performance of its workforce. While several companies in the same industry still rely solely on salary as the only motivational factor, IKEA has gone a notch higher and adopted non-monetary incentives that mean a lot to employees, and this explains its continued excellence in the industry (Klarsfeld 174). Reward system works better in improving the overall effort of employees in their contribution in value creation in firm, and IKEA seems to have realized this concept from the word go making it clinch the first position ahead of the park. It longstanding overall performing standing is basically tied to the quality of its services and good public image it has. It employs for attitude and trains for skill, and this is one factor that has boosted the exemplary performance and an unmatched competitiveness in the industry and the corporate world at large. Rewards compensate for additional sacrifice of efforts towards attaining specific goals and when it comes to the mission of IKEA, satisfaction of the customer takes central concern and forms the basis of the team’s goals. To achieve this dream, the management realized that motivating the workers through incentives and other modes of rewards significantly boosts their efficiency which translates to aggregate firm performance. Since it deals in decorative items with much focus on art and beauty, IKEA relies on human capital and real commitment from its employees and this can only be realized through motivati ng them to deliver up to the standard. IKEA has adopted diverse reward systems in its management policies that suit various needs of different employees within its workforce. These rewards take into account age factor,

Making monstor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Making monstor - Essay Example This book addresses current issues, personal observation, and photographs that make readers be interested on the subjects of psychopathology, true crime, and serial killers. This book looks at the issues and controversies that are seen in the study of morality. The book then looks at the psychological processes that are involved such as motives and mechanisms underlying moral hypocrisy and immoral behavior. Other chapters in this book look at the aspects of good and evil, including the implication of moral thinking in cases of large scale violence and genocide. In this book, Adam Morton argues that any account of evil helps in understanding why evil usually arises in everyday life, why evil arises, and how people can be seen as evil. The book utilizes diverse examples like Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Augustine, and other psychological studies that deal with profiles of serial killers and that look at deviant behaviors. Adam argues that evil comes when the internal mental barriers against it breaks down. This is a story of a dyslexic boy who discovers that he is a son of a Greek God who is the target of mythical Greek monsters. He finds himself in the middle of a prophesy, that he will be able to change the balance of power forever. This book starts with looking at the unforgettable 9/11 attack in the United States and in the second edition looks at why people act in a monstrous way by looking at the proximate and the ultimate levels of analysis. Bargh, John. "The Cognitive Monster: The case against tthe controllability of automatic stereotype effects." Dual-process theories in social psychology (1999): Pg. 361-382. Internet Source. http://www.yale.edu/acmelab/articles/Bargh_1999_Cog_Monster.pdf Schmideberg, Melitta. "Psychological Factors Underlying Criminal Behavior." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (n.d.): Pg. 458-476. Internet source.

Ohashi Atake No Yudachi Sudden Shower Over Shin-Ohashi Bridge And Essay

Ohashi Atake No Yudachi Sudden Shower Over Shin-Ohashi Bridge And Atake. Research Paper - Essay Example Indeed such abstractions have empowered the picture to attract its viewers universally. It is evident that Hiroshige’s artwork communicates with the viewers through a particular space-time matrix that essentially has exceeded the limitation of time. Hiroshige’s â€Å"Sudden Shower over Shin-Ohashi Bridge and Atake† is fraught with a set of themes that serve him with the scope to convey a versatile and multifaceted meaning. Formal Analysis In a typical evening, it has suddenly started to rain heavily from the sagging dark clouds. The almost discernible raindrops have formed an opaque curtain of slant crisscrossing lines showing their downward tracks. Through this curtain of rains, one can see the massive Shin Ohashi Bridge, standing high in the gray-blue expanse of the Sumida. Hurrying men and women are trying to protect themselves with umbrellas, a traditional Japanese straw mat or hat from the torrents of rain. Meanwhile, the boatman in the Sumida River is saili ng to his destination in an indifferent posture to the torrents of rains. ... Japanese Ukiyo-e or a picture of ‘floating world’ often ventures to capture the beauty of a short-fleeting moment, as a contemporary Japanese artist, Asai Ryoi defines ,it as following: â€Å"Living only for the moment, turning our full attention to the pleasures of the moon, the snow, the cherry blossoms [Sakura] and the maple leaves†¦.diverting ourselves in just floating, floating... refusing to be disheartened†¦..this is what we call the floating world.†2 The theme of an Ukiyo-e often is associated with to ‘empathy towards things’ or ‘a sensitivity of transience of things†3 since an Ukiyo-e is the visual version of ‘mono no aware’. According to Khoon Choy Lee, the overriding theme of an Ukiyo-e is the awareness of the transience, of things, that produces a sense of bittersweet cognition of how things flow inevitably flow out into the past.4 Since things flow out the past or beauty is not everlasting, human attempt to retain it forever essentially gives birth to the pathos.5 In the three-dimensional landscape of Shin-Ohashi, the iconographic appearance of the hurrying men and women sketched from a remote vantage point and viewed through the opaque curtain of rain conveys the static dynamism of his theme of the floating world. Indeed the opacity rainy texture contributes to the picture’s mysterious and uncertain environment. The artist’s vantage in the picture greatly allows the remote objects and the people turn into almost abstraction using contours in implied lines. Though the use of light and shadow clearly contributes to the realism of Hiroshige’s work, the glow of the light surpasses the reality of its atmosphere and adds to its surrealism to a

Internet Threats and Security for Protection

Internet Threats and Security for Protection Introduction Technology is still under development in Saudi Arabia and has not reached the advance level as its reached in UK and USA. Therefore Internet Security is still a main as well as a major issues to most businesses and organisations in Saudi Arabia. Media hype surrounding the topic of Internet security can scare the general public, as the novice users. The continual talk of the latest virus alerts, which have corrupted thousands and stories of teenagers hacking into networks and stealing numerous informations such as personal details, credit card details other details which relates to different institution, is enough to put anyone off the idea using their personal details over the Net. All this media hype needs to be addressed to see if it is just that, or is there a ground for all this sensationalism. The chances to actually undergo extensive research and establish leads and ideas that I have not come across before about Internet Security, it is a major challenge for me and I feel that by conducting this research it will broaden my knowledge about Internet Security and also make people understand the aspects of Internet Security which they havent come across before. Abstract This dissertation looks at the question: ‘Is The Internet Secure?. Where secure is defined as ‘secure enough to trade or pass information via the Internet. With the constant media hype of Internet Security, it felt that this title to be one of interest and appealed. Therefore, research include, determining what types of organisations are present on the net, and categorising them into several groups. Studying past literature to determine all possible threats on the Internet and then to discuss possible solutions to these threats. As society is in the information revolution, in which the Internet is the main channel for distribution, this area of research is related to each and every one of us. Internet trading is a common practice amongst the new age. However, this is a subject that needs to be addressed to see whether all this ‘Media Hype is just that, or is their just grounds for concern. With the number of users on the Internet growing daily, and businesses becoming completely dependant on technology, serious issues of vulnerability need to be looked at. To ensure that no gaps appear in the security aspects of Internet, which will in turn trap the new users. Conclusions where made by in viewed and researched based companies. This research aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of Internet Security. The Internet is a medium that will be a part of future generations, and it is paramount that it is managed correctly and to ensure it does not have devastating consequences for those involved in its operation. The research carried out draws the conclusion, that the Internet is not a secure for trading, and that a regulatory body is required or a more structured policing. Therefore more actions from organisations are needed as well as from the government. Future research can concentrate on data recovery methods, application methods and interviewing in more depth and on a longer scale. Acknowledgement Chapter Outline Chapter1: The introductory of this chapter starts with the definition of I.T security. It follows on with what the aims and objectives are and the methodology followed during the fact finding exercise. The chapter outlines the scope and the limitations of the project. Chapter 2: This chapter describes how the internet was formed and how it has developed. Finally it highlights the key developments of the internet throughout its early life cycle, and the growth of its user base. Chapter 3: Defines the types of businesses that trade on the net categorising them into several divisions, which are further explained in the appendix. This chapter also talks about on-line banking and how to purchase over the Internet. Chapter 4: Starts by discussing the potential threats of viruses, how they work and how they spread. It also discusses what different authors believe to be the main threats of the Internet. It also talks about all the potential threats and briefly defines each one. Chapter 5: Discusses the potential answers to the security issues, broadly discussing all of the security applications available. The chapter introduces computer security as well as the different application. Chapter 6: The fact finding stage highlights the responses gained from the organisations, which were interviewed. The findings were incorporated into graphs to illustrate the answer. Chapter 7: To conclude this study, the author discusses what the project aims were, how the findings were achieved and why came to this conclusion. A SWOT analysis was also carried out to assist the conclusion. Appendix: Any information that did not fit in the thesis, which the author felt important, is included in the appendices. There are also other documents and information, which has been referenced in the dissertation in the appendices. I.T security as defined in this dissertation is the practices, procedures, applications and services which ensure a security breach or loss of use of a computer system does not occur. Security provides protection for IT system resources from human action. The security products, services and procedures used will aim to protect any hardware or data in the system. 1 Introduction Media hype surrounding the topic of Internet security can scare the general public, as the novice users. The continual talk of the latest virus alerts, which have corrupted thousands and stories of teenagers hacking into networks and stealing numerous informations such as personal details, credit card details other details which relates to different institution, is enough to put anyone off the idea using their personal details over the Net. All this media hype needs to be addressed to see if it is just that, or is there a ground for all this sensationalism. 1.1Human Action Human-inspired security breaches are defined as accidental or deliberate, passive or active attacks, which result in the loss or damage of I.T system hardware, software or data. This can come in many guises, as the following shows: Viruses where a program is placed on a system with the intention of corrupting its processing. The theft of data. Hacking deliberately gaining unauthorised access to a computer system. The invasion of privacy, through the unauthorised disclosure of data and breaches of data protection legislation. Sabotage interfering with the processing of a system, such as the placing of a ‘clone machine. 1.2The Key areas of I.T Security I.T security involves a number of key areas. The most important of these are introduced under the following headings. 1.2.1 E-Commerce E-Commerce (Electronic Commerce) enables measures to secure web merchants sites from external hacking and intrusion, with the aim to develop secure online transactions. E-Commerce requires the means to engage in electronic transactions without the fear that credit card details and bank details could get into the wrong hands. These involve, for example, the use of secure payment servers and secure software servers. 1.2.2 Network Security The aim of network security is to create a secure environment in which the users can send classified information and business applications solely to those people that they wish to receive them, preventing others from accessing the data. This is an issue of increasing concern, given the growing importance of networks to companies. This aspect of security tends to resolve around using network management and security software tools, and developing network security policies. 1.2.3 Virus Protection To prevent computer viruses from infecting I.T systems, companies use anti-virus software and alert systems. The requirements for information security as well as the type of products and services used to have undergone a major transformation since 1995. The need for security has widened, where traditionally it was confined mainly to governments, protecting classified data, financial institutions and protecting messages with monetary value, today most medium-sized to large organisations require information security. The growth of computer networks, group working and mobile working, and the subsequent need to communicate with contacts outside the organisation, has made I.T systems more open to external forces and more vulnerable to internal action. Today, security is demanded to handle communications through the internet, intranet, extranet and Virtual Private Networks (VPNs). All of these technologies use common, standardised networking protocols and such networks are exposed to greater security threats than before. In a modern computer network, employees share information with each other, and companies share information with their suppliers, partners and customers. This calls for a more sophisticated security system, which is more comprehensive and flexible than the products and services used in the past, and which can be deployed to a large number of users in a consistent, manageable and secure fashion. 1.3 Aims and Objectives Introduce and provide an overview of the development of the Internet. How it was started and how it works. Identify the diverse nature of businesses that trade on the Internet, their roles and their functions. Identify and disseminate the literature available on threats inherent in the use of the Internet including viruses and secure transmission of data. Identify and discuss the appropriate solutions for any potential threats for internet security. Evaluate and conclude the arguments, to discuss potential ways of enforcing a suitable security policy for web-based companies. 1.4 Methodology Information for this study was gathered from journals, books, Internet sources and certain company documentation pertaining to Internet security. The best form of methodology for this type of research would be to use Quantitative and Qualitative analysis as well as the use of secondary sources, as mentioned. Quantitative research was used to gain rich information, basically finding out the ‘experts opinions from the relevant areas of expertise, for the research. The qualitative research consisted of a questionnaire with open ended and some closed questions. The main aim of this questionnaire was to elaborate on the authors literature review, basically agreeing or disagreeing with the literature presented on this study. For the quantitative aspect of the research a short structured questionnaire was designed, this consisted of closed questions, which would give a statistical look to the fact-findings chapter. This questionnaire was distributed in Preston and Jeddah (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia). Closed question questionnaires were used to obtain the awareness of the issues presented, to gain views, beliefs and attitude to these. The questionnaires were designed to ensure easy reading, therefore overcoming any confusion on the respondents behalf. Questions were explained to ensure comple te reliability in their responses 1.5Limitations and scope of Dissertation As Internet Security is a very large topic, this author has limited his research to the following: Types of businesses on the web, categorising them in several areas. Discussing threats that past authors identified. Discussing possible solutions to these threats that past authors identified. Carrying out a first hand fact-finding excersing to either agree with the literature or disagree. Setting out the key differences. Summarising the thesis and presenting the findings. 2What is the Internet and how it started The revolution in computer networking has made it possible for personal computers able to communicate with each other. This chapter is about the Internet and basically a history of its beginning. It provides a comprehensive view of literature regarding factors that promote e-commerce and aid the new era of online banking. The scale of the Internet is awesome and therefore more and more people are connecting to the net. Statistics continues to grow on a daily basis at an alarming rate. People from all walks of life, not just the scientist, teachers and computer experts use the Internet. 2.1Origins of the Internet The Internet has its roots in a network set up by the United States Department of defence in the early 1970s (Ellsworth 1994). This network (ARPANET) was a collection of four computers. By 1996 the Internet was a collection of over 50,000 networks. The methods they slowly developed included a ‘Protocol (which is a computer language) allowing dissimilar computer systems to communicate, and a method that routed data through multiple communication paths using groups of data with their own destination addresses built in packets. Prior to this technology, even with machines that were compatible, the used had physically carry magnetic tapes and insert them into another machine in order to transfer data from one computer to another. With the new technology, a computer simply has to put its data into envelope called an Internet Protocol (IP) packet, and ‘address the packet correctly to send a message on the network. The philosophy was that every computer on the network could talk to any other computer. 2.2NSF Developments In the late 1980s the National Science Foundation (NSF), started expanding its own NSFNET using the technology developed by ARPANET.†(Krol 192). Five supercomputer centres at major universities were created, and connections were used for e-mail, and for transferring data and information between sites. This created a communications problem, they needed a way to connect their centres together and to allow the clients of these access. â€Å"In response, the NSF built its own network based on ARPANET Internet Protocol (IP) technology. â€Å"(Eraase 1994) it connected these centres with telephone lines. Since the telephone lines were paid for the mile, it was obvious that each university could not be connected to a supercomputing centre, due to financial constraints. They instead created regional chains of networks, with each university being connected to its neighbours, at the top of this chain there was a connection to the super computer. Eventually any computer was able to communicate with any other computer by forwarding the conversation through its neighbours. 2.3Internet Created The NSF agreed to commercial exploitation and on-line service sprang up. â€Å"CompuServe, the first of these, started in 1970 and fifteen years later claimed 3.2 million users in 20 countries. It was part owned by commercial relationships with the German group Bertelsmann and the French group Hachette† (Winston 1998). Prodigy belonged to IBM and Sears claimed 1.4 million users. His ‘World Wide Web was open for business in 1992. Meanwhile a commercial Internet Exchange had been established in 1991. Large multinational corporations have been on the Internet for years, although their access has been limited to research and engineering departments. In 1992, many of the restrictions on commercial use began to change. In fact, there are already more commercial sites on the Internet than educational and research sites combined, according to statistic, commercial addresses now comprise of 51% of the network domains. The Internet is made up of over 25,000 networks that can transfer data via many routes. However, it is near enough impossible to pin down any exact numbers concerning its size due to the fact its growth is unparalleled by any other industry. Ghosh 1998 states that the Internet has been adopted faster than any other technological development. 2.4The use of the Internet Between 1993 and 1998, more than 100 million users of the Internet were estimated, and the number of sites of the WWW has grown from 130 to 4.3 million sites. As of June 1999, the Internet users population has been placed at around 170 million people. It has been forecasted that the number users will reach 350 million by 2005 worldwide. In simple terms, the Internet allows millions of people all over the world to communicate and to share. â€Å"The Internet is the first global forum and the first global library† (Hahn and Stout 1994). Commercial businesses are the fastest growing segment of the Internet, you can gather information communicate and actually transact business on the Internet. Here are a few reasons why businesses are using the internet: E-mail is a low cost method for maintaining communication at all levels. Messages can be exchanged in minutes. E-mail is a domain for sharing information and is said to be one of the most important productivity packages around. The Internet allows businesses to be in touch with different branches and work teams at other locations. This creating a virtual community in which people are able to communicate on a daily basis. Using the Internet many organisations are able to bring a global edge to home grown businesses. For many companies, the use of the Internet creates a level playing field; smaller businesses can create an image on the network to compete with larger businesses. â€Å"Many corporations use the Internet to keep a check on the rate of emerging and new technologies, and the market response to these technologies† (Ellsworth 1994). The public information and discussion groups available on the Internet provide insight and feedback that is hard to get in any other manner. Here people from all levels of industry, exchange information on marketing research and technological developments. Having the most up-to-date information about your markets and your products allows you to keep or increase your competitive edge. In a business where the concept of getting closer to the customer prime, the internet is becoming increasingly important as well. Internet sales, where customers are sought and served on-line through Gophers and variety of virtual storefronts, are also becoming more popular. Customers can be and are sought before the sale and supported after sale. Companies are able to do actual product sales transactions on the Internet. In addition, in some cases it is possible to deliver the product via the Internet, as with software and information. Many companies have been using the Internet for the transmission of data. The major financial institutions in the world use the Internet extensively for exchanging information and files. Corporate users are now responsible for the transfer of the largest portion of data. 2.5The World Wide Web â€Å"The WWW is the newest information resources to the Internet† (Krol 1992). It is based on technology called Hypertext Mark-up Language (HTML). Hypertext is a method of presenting information where selected words in the text can be expanded at any time to provide other information about the word. These words are actually links to other documents, which may be text, picture or sound format. The presentation of information on the web is much friendlier that traditional methods and the interface provides for a user -friendly environment. â€Å"The combined with the ability to use any of the Internets tools within the web has been a catalyst for the rush to get on the Internet† (Ellsworth 1994). The WWW can be defined as a global, interactive, dynamic, cross platform, distributed, graphical, hypertext information system that runs over the Internet and is available globally (Lemay 2000 Online). In the early 1990s the advent of the World Wide Web on the Internet represented the tuning point for electronic ecommerce by providing an easy to use technology solution to the problem of information publishing and dissemination. The web made electronic commerce a cheaper way of conducting business and enable more diverse business activities. The WWW infrastructure is built around the following:- Web sites: A web site is a collection of web pages maintained by a college, university, government, agency, company or individual. Web age: A web page is document on the web. Web pages can include text, pictures, sound and videos. Web server: A web server is a computer connected to the Internet that makes web pages available to the world. The Wold Wide Web is a dynamic structure, and due to the popularity of this new phenomenon it is expanding rapidly. The reason for it being so popular is the fact that information can be made available to anyone anywhere in the world in a matter of minutes (Kalakota, Whinston. 1997 p.145). What types of businesses are trading on the web Business is changing. The way we do business is changing. The electronic commerce revolution is upon us, and perhaps represents the greatest single change to the way in which business operates. Companies of all sizes are now working together to establish their position and create opportunities in this world. The Internet phenomenon has result in a major shift in the way organisations do business, and how they intend to proceed in the future. Many organisations now realise that without an e-commerce strategy they will not survive. This realisation has affected, and will continue to affect business relationship of all sizes. E-Commerce E-Commerce (Electronic Commerce) is the buying and selling of goods and services on the Internet, especially the World Wide Web. In practice, this term and a newer term, e-business are often used interchangeably. For online retail selling, the term e tailing is sometimes used. E-Commerce can be divided into: E-tailing or â€Å"Virtual Storefronts† on web sites with online catalogues, sometimes gathered into a â€Å"Virtual mall†. The gathering and use of demographic data through web contacts. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), the business to -business exchange of data. E-mail and fax and their use as media for reaching prospects and establish customers (for example, with newsletters). Business-to-Business buying and selling. The security of business transactions. Electronic messaging technologies streamline business processes by reducing paperwork and increasing automation. (Kalakota, Whinston. 1997 p.54). E-Commerce today, is a very wide area of study due to its phenomenon growth and thus, can be described as an umbrella concept, which will continue to grow. Therefore incorporating a variety of disciplines and can be described as following path of a hierarchical structure. Recent technology has increased the capacity of e-commerce transactions, resulting in noticeable paradigms in a number of daily transactions. There are unforeseen benefits not only to businesses, but also consumers, the government and even on a global trade level. The technology that is responsible for taking e-commerce to a global stage is the Internet. There are also other factors that have affected the growth of e-commerce, for example, the availability of hardware at affordable costs, as well as the increased power and ease of use of operating systems and software. With the prices of computer hardware and network equipment falling, e-commerce is seen as one of the strategic investments in line with marketing goals of most business, to stay competitive, improve productivity and to deliver quality services. Commonly, e-commerce is associated with the buying a selling of information, products and services via computer networks. It is also known as the paperless exchange of electronic information, whether it is by electronic data interchange (EDI), electronic funds transfer or other similar technologies methods. Overview of E-Commerce E-Commerce, evolved as early as the days of Alexandra Bell, followed by the launch of terrestrial television and radio communications. However recent developments in technology have increased the efficiency in commerce and have placed e-commerce under the spotlight. During the mid 20th century, the channels through e-commerce took place were telephone networks, the television and the radio. In their infancy they impressed businesses and consumers, so did EDI in the early 1970s and now at present the Internet has bought back the same feelings. Below is an illustration of a generic framework for electronic commerce (Kalakota, Whinston.1997) The figure 1 below is an illustration of the e-commerce overview. Electronic Commerce B2A B2C C2A B2B The Internet Telephone Fax The Internet Telephone Fax Cable Satellite, and Digital TV Telephone Fax The Internet including EDI, marketing, purchasing and e-mail Collaborative Work Groups EDI via Internet Telecomm uniting Electronic Funds Transfer E-Mail Video Conferencing Telephone Fax Figure 1 Types of E-commerce E-commerce covers five main categories that are listed below: Business to Business (B2B) Business within Business (BWB) Business to Administration (B2A) Consumer to Administration (C2A) Business to Consumer (B2C) These are discussed in detail in Appendix 3 titled Types of Web Traders. The introduction of e-commerce has facilitated consumer to business transactions, customers learn about products through electronic purchasing. From a consumer perspective electronic commerce facilitates for the following: Social Interaction. Electronic Commerce enables consumers to communicate with each other through electronic mail, video conferencing and news groups. Personal Finance Agreement. Use electronic means to manage personal finance and management using the online banking tools Purchasing Products and Information. Allows consumer to find online information about exiting and new products and services. (Kalakota, Whinston. 1997 p.139) The explosion in Internet traffic has created other problems. Mostly worryingly, there are continuing fears that many companies offering financial services online are not providing a secure environment to clients and customers. Purchasing on the Web The Internet and the World Wide Web have dramatically changed the way consumers seek and use information online. Whether they are shopping for Information or shopping for goods and services on-line, todays consumers must learn how to manage the resources (Kelley, B Weibke, J. 2003). Most attention on e-commerce has focused on business-to-business transactions and analysts say the surging electronic business-to-business market is about to explode. On-line purchasing systems promise to streamline operations, save time and cut the costs of businesses drowning in order processing. Most buying over the Internet focuses on indirect materials, also known as non-production goods or maintenance, repair and operations. Typically, such applications let any employee order through managed access rights, non-production supplies and service from an on-line catalogue using on a web server. They simplify the process of buying day-to-day items such as office equipments, PCs and other electrical goods to run the company. According to a recent study carried out by Forrester Research (2000) has suggested that the on-line commerce will raise form  £657 billion in 2002 and reach the figure of  £6.8 trillion in 2004. The statistics suggested that more customers are shopping day by day and revenue is increasing for on-line shoppers. The view is supported by Swazey (1999) who believes that the on-line shoppers spend more time on-line shopping than normal high streets shoppers and the amount of money spent rises with the amount of time spent on-line. The view point of Swazey (1999) is similar to Ghosh (1998) as he states that the â€Å"On-line shoppers tend to get carried away within the comfort of their own h ome†. However the above viewpoint have contrast in bearing to an article (Computer Fraud Security, Sept 2000, p.2) that seemed to suggest that although it may seems like everyone is on-line, but its not true. Internet Banking Internet Banking is no longer a novelty. Banks have long ceased being worried about trading via the web, and instead have embraced the newest delivery channel with enthusiasm. All clearing banks, including the connected building societies, now offer Internet based banking services and all will have an online current account in place. Some, including Barclays, Woolwich, Abbey National and HSBC have developed other channels of delivery including digital TV and mobile phone banking service. All e-banks promise busy current account users speed and convenience. There are no counter queues in cyberspace and e-banks are open 24 hours a day, seven days a week. On-line banking customers can check their balances, view recent transactions, transfers funds, set-up standing orders and direct debits and also option to pay bills on line. In the past, the banking industry was chiefly concerned with asset quality and capitalisation, if the bank was performing well along these dimensions than the banks would be profitable. Today performing well on asset quality and capitalisation is not enough. (Kalakota, Whinston.1997 p.30) The Internet is a medium that provides a new dimension and introduces much opportunity especially for banks; the main advantages are outlined as follows: Enable innovation Cost savings Increased customer base Enable mass customisation Marketing and communication Developments of non core business In a report issued by the BE Agency (2000), it states that the experts believe that the slump in high street banking due to deregulation can be revived by this new medium e-commerce, offering the potential of reviving or at least halting the decline, by raising customer service standards, increasing the choice of retail financial products, reducing the charges and giving customers a more convenient way to manage their money. It is agreed with Patterson (2000) that the banks will have to go online, his reasons being as to why banks have to adopt this new medium is â€Å"in short answer to win over new customers† it is easier to leave it at that, but also the factors he has also said that it will also promote this new medium are lower cost of account servicing, cross selling opportunities, customer relations and because they have to. Customers can now deal with their accounts personally at any time from anywhere in the word for any reason. Customers can also have the same facility to compare and contrast the products and services of a multitude of banks and choose one that meets their requirements. Knowing how safe is it to use the website an

Nazi :: essays research papers fc

Sitting on an operating table, deep inside the corridors of Azchwitz concentration camp, a man is listening to the Nazi gun fire outside. He hears the innocent screams as automatic weapons mow through crowds of families deemed "unfit to live". Gradually silence falls, only to be broken again by the solitary pops of a pistol, finishing of those who did not die right off. It should be a sickening feeling for this man, he should feel anger and hate, and sadness for these newest additions to the Nazi stoves. But this man can no longer feel such sadness, such grief. Instead he feels only jealousy, jealousy for those who had died quickly, with a bullet to the brain or the heart. No doubt, considering what he's been through, and what he will go through still, he considers the others to be the lucky ones. They will not boil. They will not freeze. They will not be diseased or hacked apart. They will not have their heads explode in a pressurised chamber. They were the lucky ones, not chosen to act as guinea pigs to further science by dying a slow painful death at the hands of the most gruesome members of the Nazi party, the "Nazi Doctors". When World War two ended in 1945, over eleven thousand people had been exterminated(p4 Freidman) in the Nazis' effort to "racially purify" Germany and its' territories. It seemed tat the vast majority of these killings had taken place in concentration camps, by releasing Zyklon-B(p68 Guthman) in gas chambers disguised as showers. As the allies began holding the first war criminal trials, however, it was quickly seen that a secret, genocide far more hideous than was previously suspected, had taken place. Worse still, the killers were not radical soldiers, but respected members of the German scientificand Medical community. The German government had given the "Doctors of death" (p34, Gilbert) endless supplies of subjects to experiment on in any way they pleased. Some experiments were to benefit the army. They included high altitude tests, as well as the bodies reactions to freezing temperatures.(p2, Net) Other experiments were called for by the nazis themselves, such as tests in genetic traits, mind controlling drugs and mass sterilization.(p3-5, Net) There were medicine tests and more commonly, tests using diseases without any known cures. The most gruesome tests however, were fabricated in the twisted minds of the doctors themselves and are famous for their void of any purposes at all. The high altitude tests were experiments initiated by the nazi government and followed closely by Heinrich Himmler.(p36, Gilbert) The experiments were conducted in a low pressure chamber that could simulate flight up to 68,000 feet above sea level.

Leadership Development Plan Essay

Section 1: What is Leadership and What Kind of Leader are You? Leadership means influencing others towards a common goal. This was how I viewed leadership ten weeks prior, before I started this online class. The definition itself stems from experiences brought about by memberships of the Junior Jaycees, university student councils and medical organizations. Extracting the definition comes easily. It may be correct but not necessarily complete. It is implementing it that’s tricky. Previously, I viewed leadership as it is in a box. A common goal is handed out to you. Then you’ll have to pick out which roads to travel to reach that goal. There was no formal training. At the conclusion of this course, the leadership definition above still holds true. But it is not as it is in a box anymore. It’s like trying your hand at golf. You may score a hole-in-one without perfecting your swing. But crafting your swing based on appropriate training and stance would definitely increase your chances of achieving that hole-in-one. The journey towards that coveted hole-in-one would be more meaningful as it would be objectively guided. According to Dan Clark1, â€Å"Leadership is a process by which a person influences others to accomplish an objective and directs the organization in a way that makes it more cohesive and coherent†. Based on this definition and the concepts learned during the course, I would view myself as using more of the ‘transformational’ leadership style with a tinge of ‘transactional’, and just currently implementing the ‘empowering’ style. Transformational leadership entails inspiration and the conversion of a follower’s motivational state.3 I have always evoked inspiration as a leader, ever since I started taking responsibilities in small organizations in high school. This was how I managed to extract a good outcome out of the members. The transactional aspect just came into existence on an accidental discovery. Having been raised frugal, I used to just purchase myself a warm creamy Starbucks coffee on a really bad day as a pick-me-up. When I felt good after a sweet sip at the start of the day, I noticed my productivity increased. So, I bought some for my staff. It was the best day ever at work. Everyone shared a smile despite the high workload and stress. This also strengthened my bond with the staff. They viewed the free morning gourmet coffee as a personal reward. So once in a while, I give out incentives to staff to boost up their creativity and efficiency. That small gesture of a gourmet coffee led to gift cards, birthday party celebrations, etc. On the other hand, the empowering style of my leadership has just been developed during this course. It is indeed a new concept and is a work in progress. It does make sense. Not only would I be able to delegate tasks to the members, but this would also foster ownership and further training for them. Empowering the staff would increase their self-esteem, skills and productivity. There is a lot of overlap between the leadership styles and collaborative leadership. According to The Community Toolbox by the University of Kansas2, the traits of collaborative leadership can be summarized as follows: †¢ Collaborative problem-solving and decision-making. It’s not the leader’s job to decide what to do and then tell the group. Rather, the group considers the problem, decides what to do, and counts on the leader to help them focus their effort . †¢ Open process. The leader, or some other interested party, doesn’t just start with his goals in mind and steer the group in that direction. Collaborative leadership means that the process of decision-making is truly collaborative, and has no set end-point when it begins. The end result is worked out among all the participants: that’s collaboration. †¢ Leadership of the process, rather than the group. The purpose of collaborative leadership is to help the collaborative process work, rather than to lead the people involved toward something – to a particular decision, for instance, or in a particular direction. For me, ‘collaboration’ is taking all of the leadership styles mentioned above and gently infusing them into your members’ style, so that they would be leaders in their own small fields as well. This would definitely not unfold itself overnight but would definitely entail tons of patience and training, as well as rewards. With these concepts, equipped with the course discussions and readings, which were applied to experiences in the past, present and the future, led me to the discovery of my own authentic leadership. We all have the capacity to inspire and empower others, but we must first be willing to devote ourselves to our personal growth and development as leaders4 to attain success. How we lead others is indeed a product of our life stories and hardships. It is for this reason that finding out your own authentic leadership should begin with awareness of self and the environment. In lieu to this, the leadership development plan would serve as the first step towards discovering my authentic leadership. The objectives of this leadership and development plan are as follows: a) Based on the assessment questionnaires done, on top of the concepts learned in class, I would be able to increase my awareness of self and environment, acknowledging my strengths and weaknesses. b) By summarizing the concepts significant to my situation, I would be able to discover my current leadership style and modify or develop it as best as possible according to what I have learned. c) I would be able to create a specific action plan towards the development of my authentic leadership style. d) I would be able to apply the modified leadership style on a real-life situation. By preparing this leadership and development plan, I hope to achieve the objectives as listed above. This would serve as my unbiased guide as I embark on my most significant real-life leadership journey, which actual ly started a few weeks ago. Section 2: Lessons Learned This course has defined some previously unknown leadership traits and taught me lessons that would be valuable tools for the development of my authentic leadership style. I have summarized them as follows: a) Awareness of self and environment Awareness of self and the environment have been recurrent themes during the whole course. I should agree that I have unfolded some layers of myself as the weeks went by. I have repositioned myself in my career environment differently. Working as a primary care physician and opening up a new private practice during the current economic environment requires a lot of courage. The Obamacare health plans have recently reduced reimbursements to physicians. Although some positive changes are already in effect, health insurances still remain a huge business industry in which patients and physicians fall victims of. Having a Protean Career Orientation, and being aware of it through the assessment questionnaires, provided a cushion against these changes. Nothing provides more reassurance than knowing that regardless of how difficult the business climate might be, my boundaryless career orientation would somehow survive and prosper. Of course, the latter depends on the subjective definition of success. Having filled out the â€Å"Meaning of Career and Life Success† questionnaires helped confirm what matters to me as I find my way through this journey. Helping other people, achieving a work/life balance and personal growth have been consistent in what I want in life and career. This is important because the health care system for physicians has been very rigid. With a young career, as mine, most of my colleagues resort to being employed and managed by hospitals or larger private groups. It is not financially conducive to open up a private practice at the onset. So, I am technically swimming against an opposite current, and the lessons from the readings have pushed me into moving forward despite of. I do not deny, of course, that there would be tough moments when I sometimes get tempted to choose the easy path and revisit the generous employment offers I had. When this does occur, the Protean trait comes in handy and muffles out all doubts and anxiety. b) Leadership style/vision In a few weeks, I will be managing a business on my own. This definitely requires a multitude of organizational skills. As much as I have already implemented most of the lessons learned in this course, I would still be requiring the assistance of and probably revisit these reviews most often. The transition from being an employee to embracing an employer status would surely extract all the leadership qualities that I could muster. First off, I envision myself as a collaborative leader, making more use of the transformational as well as empowering leadership styles with a tinge of transactional method as well. The balance of these techniques depends on every situation I would encounter. Empowering others and myself has been one of my strengths, mainly because helping out and teaching have always been my calling. This would definitely come in handy when I exercise these different leadership styles. Furthermore, I also want to be a leader who would embrace technology and use all resources available in my grasp for the betterment of the organization. Currently, social media has done away with geographical barriers. When used appropriately, it would also bridge the cultural gap and communication barriers within the company. I wonder what the outcome would be if I implement a supervised â€Å"facebook/twitter† equivalent among the staff and management, tapping into hidden resources and skills within the group. In my line of business, I want recommendations from patients and staff heard. But because the latter sometimes become hesitant to give out ideas, it is difficult to pry their walls open unless they feel comfortable to expose themselves. That would be interesting to see. I bet there are still tons of instances when you can make technology work for you. I would want to be that kind of leader who listens to those needs/changes and responds appropriately, with or without technology. On the other hand, aside from leading with both the head and the heart, I also want to lead by example. I have been raised with a solid Catholic foundation and ethics. I want to employ this kind of culture in my organization and allow it to trickle down to the staff as well. I have seen a lot of employer physicians take advantage of employed doctors due to monetary benefits. There is nothing wrong about prioritizing the balance sheets and net profits, as long as you have not crossed the ethical boundary lines. Business should be practiced with a conscience. c) Leadership behavior changes When work demands increase, I find myself accidentally encroaching on family life. This is why the readings on work/life balance impacted me the most. The assessment questionnaires on this topic realigned my priorities. My husband and I, both physicians, strive so hard to give our two young children the quality time they deserve. From the onset, I have done away with inpatient practice and just focused on working in an outpatient setting with no weekend calls. Although most of the time, office hours go beyond the usual 8am-6pm schedule, as we tend to finish patient charts on time and actually sometimes bring work home. From the lessons learned, I have learned to balance work/life more in terms of quality and quantity of time. Instead of restricting my kids’ schedule and designing it to accommodate mine more, I have given up some activities that would take away parent time. For instance, instead of attending a dinner lecture presentation for continuing medical education, I would just spend this time with my family and read up on the topic whenever I can during work time. Another topic that brought great impact to me was on managing the boss. As a leader, you have to stay in tune to the needs of your superiors as well as your subordinates. The lessons learned from these readings were an eye-opener. I have experienced instances when I went beyond the employed physician job description. The intentions were noble as I saw opportunities for improvements. However, my superiors took these the wrong way. Awkward relationships would have been avoided then. Now I definitely know better.

That vs. Which

That vs. Which That vs. Which That vs. Which By Ali Hale One of our readers, Justin, recently wrote to ask: When proofreading a peers article on the solar system, I realized that she, and I, are unsure of the proper use of that and which in a sentence. Below is [SIC] two examples of the same sentence, one using that and the other which. To our knowledge, it is the only body in the solar system which currently sustains life, although several other bodies are under investigation. To our knowledge, it is the only body in the solar system that currently sustains life, although several other bodies are under investigation. Which is the correct sentence, and what is the general rule of thumb? Justin, Ill give you the answer now, rather than making you read to the end of the whole article: the second version of that sentence, using that is correct. When To Use That and When To Use Which Before I come on to the that/which rule, just a reminder that â€Å"who† should always be used when referring to people. The boy who threw the ball. This is the woman who always wears a black shawl. When referring to objects, though, the rule for using â€Å"that† and â€Å"which† correctly is simple: THAT should be used to introduce a restrictive clause. WHICH should be used to introduce a non-restrictive or parenthetical clause. If that leaves you more confused than when you began this article, read on A restrictive clause is one which is essential to the meaning of a sentence – if it’s removed, the meaning of the sentence will change. For example: Chairs that don’t have cushions are uncomfortable to sit on. Card games that involve betting money should not be played in school. To our knowledge, it is the only body in the solar system that currently sustains life A non-restrictive clause can be left out without changing the meaning of a sentence. Non-restrictive clauses are either in brackets or have a comma before and after them (or only before them if they come at the end of a sentence): Chairs, which are found in many places of work, are often uncomfortable to sit on. I sat on an uncomfortable chair, which was in my office. Why You Need to Use That or Which Correctly Changing that to which or vice versa can completely change the meaning of a sentence. Consider the following examples: My car that is blue goes very fast. My car, which is blue, goes very fast. The first sentence uses that – suggesting I own more than one car (and even implying my other cars might not be so fast). This is what happens if we leave out the clause and write: My car that is blue goes very fast. My car goes very fast. The sentence’s meaning has changed: the reader does not know which one of my cars goes very fast. However, the sentence using which simply informs the reader that my car is blue. We can take the clause out without losing any essential information: My car, which is blue, goes very fast. My car goes very fast. That and Which in Common Usage It is common today for which to be used with both non-restrictive and restrictive clauses, especially in informal contexts: Who ate the cake that I bought this morning? Who ate the cake which I bought this morning? The clause â€Å"that I bought this morning† is essential to the meaning – I’m not asking about a cake which I bought yesterday, or this afternoon. Therefore, the first example using â€Å"that† is the correct one, but many people would not consider the second ungrammatical. It is, however, incorrect even in informal contexts to use that for a non-restrictive or parenthical clause. For example, these sentences would be considered incorrect: This computer, that I have never liked, is very slow. The blue desk, that my father gave me. An easy way to watch out for these is to look for instances where you have a comma followed by the word that. If Id know this years ago, it would have saved me a lot of frustration with Microsoft Word! Even though the usage of which has been relaxed to some extent, it is still better to keep your writing as clear as possible by using which for only non-restrictive clauses, and that for restrictive ones. So, to return to Justins example: To our knowledge, it is the only body in the solar system which currently sustains life, although several other bodies are under investigation. To our knowledge, it is the only body in the solar system that currently sustains life, although several other bodies are under investigation. The second sentence, using that is correct, but many people would consider the first sentence permissible too. In a formal context such as a scientific paper, it is better to use that for total clarity. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Slang Terms for MoneyDo you "orient" yourself, or "orientate" yourself?Neither... or?

History of the Colosseum or Flavian Amphitheater

History of the Colosseum or Flavian Amphitheater The Colosseum or Flavian Amphitheater is one of the most well-known of the ancient Roman structures because so much of it still remains. Meaning: Amphitheater comes from the Greek amphi ~ on both sides and theatron ~ semicircular viewing place or theater. An Improvement Over the Existing Design The Circus The Colosseum in Rome is an amphitheater. It was developed as an improvement over the differently shaped  but similarly used Circus Maximus, for gladiatorial combats, wild beast fights (venationes), and mock naval battles (naumachiae). Spine: Elliptical in shape, the circus had a fixed central divider called a spina down the middle, which was useful in chariot races, but got in the way during fights.Viewing: In addition, the spectators view was limited in the circus. The amphitheater put spectators on all sides of the action. Flimsy Early Amphitheaters In 50 B.C., C. Scribonius Curio built the first amphitheater in Rome to stage his fathers funeral games. Curios amphitheater and the next one, built in 46 B.C., by Julius Caesar, were made of wood. The weight of the spectators was at times too great for the wooden structure and, of course, the wood was easily destroyed by fire. Stable Amphitheater Emperor Augustus designed a more substantial amphitheater to stage venationes, but it wasnt until the Flavian emperors, Vespasian and Titus, that the enduring, limestone, brick, and marble Amphitheatrum Flavium (aka Vespasians Amphitheater) was built. The construction utilized a careful combination of types: concrete for the foundations, travertine for the piers and arcades, tufa infill between piers for the walls of the lower two levels, and brick-faced concrete used for the upper levels and for most of the vaults.Great Buildings Online - Roman Colosseum The amphitheater was dedicated in A.D. 80, in a ceremony lasting a hundred days, with the slaughter of 5000 sacrificial animals. The amphitheater may not have been finished, however, until the reign of Titus brother Domitian. Lightning damaged the amphitheater, but later emperors repaired and maintained it until the games were ended in the sixth century. Source of the Name Colosseum The medieval historian Bede applied the name Colosseum (Colyseus) to the Amphitheatrum Flavium, possibly because the amphitheater which had taken back the pond on the land Nero had devoted to his extravagant golden palace (domus aurea) stood beside a colossal statue of Nero. This etymology is disputed. Size of the Flavian Amphitheater The tallest Roman structure, the colosseum was about 160 feet high and covered about six acres. Its long axis is 188m and its short, 156m. Construction used 100,000 cubic meters of travertine (like the cella of the Temple of Hercules Victor), and 300 tons of iron for clamps, according to Filippo Coarelli in Rome and Environs. Although all the seats are gone, at the end of the 19th century, the seating potential was calculated and the figures are generally accepted. There were likely 87,000 seats in 45-50 rows inside the colosseum. Coarelli says social standing determined seating, so those rows closest to the action were reserved for the senatorial classes, whose special seats were inscribed with their names and made of marble. Women were separated at public events from the time of the earliest emperor, Augustus. The Romans probably held mock sea battles in the Flavian Amphitheater. Vomitoria There were 64 numbered doors to let spectators in and out that were called vomitoria. N.B.: Vomitoria were exits, not places spectators regurgitated the contents of their stomachs to facilitate binge eating and drinking. People vomited forth, so to speak, from the exits. Other Noteworthy Aspects of the Colosseum There were substructures under the fighting area that may have been animal dens or channels for water for or from the mock naval battles. It is hard to determine how the Romans produced venationes and naumachiae on the same day. A removable awning called velarium provided the spectators with shade from the sun. The outside of the Flavian amphitheater has three rows of arches, each built according to a different order of architecture, Tuscan (the simplest, Doric, but with an Ionic base), on the ground level, then Ionic, and then the most ornate of the three Greek orders, the Corinthian. The vaults of the Colosseum were both barrel and groined (where barrel arches intersect each other at right angles). The core was concrete, with the exterior covered in cut stone.